The best scholarly position is probably not:
“Odysseus invented everything.”
But rather:
the poem may preserve mythologized memories of real Bronze Age maritime violence, displacement, trade, piracy, colonization, and intercultural encounters.
Odysseus is simultaneously:
- a heroic king,
- a traumatized veteran,
- a raider,
- a con artist,
- a survivor,
- and a master storyteller.
Homer leaves enough ambiguity that the reader can never entirely separate:
- history from legend,
- truth from performance,
- or memory from propaganda.