Or they were designed to defend against raiders/pirates/etc. of the late late 24th century, who would be less well-armed than militaries of the era, being able to do a pretty good amount of damage to them. When the Narada shows up in pre-TOS, their cheapo missiles are suddenly starship-killers.
I can see that. Then too, every species of the week seemed to have energy weapons that looked to very easily knock down a missile, as ENT-D did with a Ferengi missile that launched from that little claw or whatever.
I guess Sorans missile had a limited warp jump capability to go one AU in a heartbeat in fast, but limited warp travel, much like the drones in Star Fleet Battles. On the other hand if you went by the FASA game, the early Enterprise had accelerator coils so it should have been Kelvin that had missiles but Narada that had energy weapons.
Another way to look at this would be to say that energy weapons like phasers and photon torpedos made missiles/drones obsolete, until re-invented in a particularly nasty form that could be harmful to 24th century craft, and did even more damage to Kelvin. JJs Enterprise was thus more advanced than a Connie would have been at that time, with perhaps escaping shuttle bringing back scans of Narada's 24th-25th Century tech that later fell into the hands of Klingons and Romulans, so all the ships of nuKirks era have a head start even above what Earth had with the events of ST IV and the Voyager episode with Ed Begley.