Regarding the sensing of starships on orbit of nearby planets, STXI seems perfectly consistent with the rest of the lot. Our heroes can always detect active starships at significant distance, probably because warp fields are "unnatural", high energy phenomena that really stick out. Yet to spot a derelict, our heroes always slow down to sublight.
Compared to TOS? Not exactly. Can you name an instance where the Enterprise in TOS dropped out of warp and suddenly had to dodge space debris or another ship because they couldn't see it on warp approach?
AFAIK, there's no record of the Enterprise ever having to dodge anything at any time, even when warping through the debris field in "The Doomsday Machine." The singular exception is probably "Mudd's Women" which is wildly inconsistent since the Enterprise appears to enter the asteroid field without actually slowing down to sublight speeds (early TOS, though, WAS incredibly inconsistent with its depiction of warp drive anyway).
In ST:XI, given the short time frame, I doubt that the destroyed ships even got a chance to cool down so they should've still been visible as "high energy" on sensors.
Don't confuse "high energy" with "high heat." A warp field can be called "high energy" because it's being produced by a matter-antimatter reactor putting out TERAWATTS of energy in titanic blasts of gravimetric distortion. Next to that, the hull of a starship that was on fire thirty seconds ago might as well be a zippo.
From what can be seen in ST:XI, they seem to be able to track objects at warp but not really see where they are going. It is more similar to Star Wars' Hyperdrive in operation and detection.
I thought in Star Wars you
couldn't track a ship that was in hyperdrive?
No matter; I think it's subtly implied in past Trek that warp fields are much easier to spot than stationary objects at ANY speed, so much so that a starship (like the Enterprise-E) can stay close to a stationary object (like the moon) and thereby avoid detection (from the Vulcans). Likewise, the Vulcans never would have noticed the Phoenix flying around the solar system UNLESS it was at warp. Even sublight speeds with its warp core powered up wouldn't be enough unless they got alot closer to it.
Lastly, there's that crucial scene from "Best of Both Worlds."
RIKER: Slow to impulse. Take us to the battle coordinates, Mister Crusher. Yellow alert.
WORF: Sensors are picking up several vessels, Captain.
RIKER: The fleet?
DATA: No active subspace fields. Negligible power readings.
RIKER: Life signs?
DATA: Negative, sir.
WORF: Visual contact.
RIKER: On screen.
< Dun dun dun! Dead starships >
Enterprise couldn't even detect the fleet until AFTER they'd dropped out of warp and approached the battle coordinates, and even then they only detected "several vessels," probably identifiable as such by their composition and density. Significant is what Worf is scanning for: subspace fields and power readings, either of which would be important for determining what the fleet is doing, but apparently can't be detected from a distance.
But in TOS, they were good enough to spot dust and debris left over from the destroyed outposts in "Balance of Terror" while scanning at warp (and tracking the cloaked ships motion).
Again, early TOS, where it is possible to fly through a comet at warp speed without instantly passing through it.
Come to think of it, things didn't get any better even in later TOS, where a Klingon warship at "better than warp seven" closes on the nearly stationary Enterprise at what is, in fact, less than a third the speed of light.
There isn't much you can take from TOS in this case since alot of its science was somewhat badly developed (I know alot of the purists will complain bitterly about me saying this, but let's face it, the 1960s had MUCH lower standards than we do). Precedent from TNG onwards suggests you have to drop out of warp and get close to something in order to figure out what's going on with it; this is, evidently, what they had to do in "The Neutral Zone," the one situation that closely matches the TOS instance.
That isn't the case for "Doomsday Machine". The Enterprise is searching for the Constellation and in each case they detected the destruction level of the star system as they entered the "limits of the system" which is vague enough in speed and distance to be either the outer planet orbit or the heliopause which could be 50-200 AU from the system star. The Enterprise was still able to find the Constellation near where the 3rd planet use to be from the "limit of the system".
But they still had to ENTER the system in order to locate it. Depending on how that episode meant their speed to be interpreted, they also had to drop to sublight as well.
It definitely is not the "Alderaan example" where they are "popping out warp" and almost colliding with debris. There are no navigation surprises.
There never are in TOS, where--once again--warp drive is never depicted as being particularly special and is at best "faster than impulse."