A bit of explanation:
Executive producer: Generally either a creator (Fuller, Kurtzman), showrunner (Berg, Harberts), high-ranking writing staffer (Goldsman), head of a production company making or co-financing the show (Kurtzman & Kadin), or someone with a contractual stake in the property (Roddenberry & Roth). Sometimes a prominent director attached to the show as a staffer rather than a freelancer (Semel, but only on the pilot).
Co-executive producer: Usually the next lower rank of writer-producer (Alexander, Coleite, Randolph, Sullivan, Menosky) or a high-ranking person on the production management or directorial side of things (Osunsanmi, Siracusa).
Supervising producer: The next rank down in the hierarchy (nobody, apparently).
Producer: Can be the next rank down in the writing staff, but all the producers listed here are on the execution side of production, the folks in charge of turning the script into an actual episode (production management, casting, design, construction, filming, editing, music, VFX, etc.). Since it's a pretty elaborate production, it's not too surprising that there are a lot of them. And of course the "producer: Jordan" credits would be for the unit who shot the location filming in Jordan in the first episode.
Associate producer: The next lower tier of producer on the execution/logistical side of things, but generally the main person in charge of actually carrying out the decisions made by the producers and EPs. This was Bob Justman's title on TOS.
Consulting producer: A prominent industry name who's loosely affiliated with the staff as a creative consultant or occasional writer. Basically a freelancer on retainer.
There are also a number of staff writers who aren't mentioned here, including Kemp Powers, Erika Lippoldt, Bo Yeon Kim, and my friend and fellow Trek novelist Kirsten Beyer. Normally the next writing-staff ranks below producer are co-producer, story editor, and finally staff writer, but Discovery seems to have a pretty big gap in the hierarchy -- everyone's either an EP, co-EP, or staff writer. It's kind of the production equivalent of the later TOS movies where the bridge crew was top-loaded with captains and commanders. I'd expect that in season 2 we'd see some of those staff writers get promoted.