Jake suggests that it was last week, when Ben brought some of their items to the station, out of storage on Earth. That dialogue indicates the journey from Earth to DS9 takes less than a week
To nitpick, Jake said it was "last Thursday". And that only means the journey takes less than
two weeks. "Last Thursday" could be ten days ago, as opposed to "this Thursday", if it was Sunday today.
But other episodes refer to the ability to shuttle between the UFP core worlds and Bajor in about a week or less. In a runabout no less! (In "Defiant", Bashir wants to borrow a runabout for getting stuff from Vulcan within the week... Although we can perhaps argue he only needs this warp five craft for one short link in a multi-ship rendezvous delivery chain).
In DS9 I remember Sisko mentioning that the Dominion was passing through Romulan space to launch attacks on the Federation. This must mean that Cardassian space borders Romulan space or is pretty close
Not really. It only means that the
space already conquered by Cardassia must extend close to Romulan space. Which the
Star Charts show happening. And that part, incidentally, is "canonical" because the amber-colored Cardassian conquests are shown extending to the right and thus towards Romulan-marked space by the necessary number of lightyears in the DS9 War Room wall maps.
I also remember Sisko mention that a transmission to Cassidy yates came from the other side of the Federation and took months to arrive. This leads me to believe that Earth and Bajor reside near the Earth end of the Federation and that the Earth end is where the borders are located with the Cards/Roms & Klings.
That was two weeks for messages, eight weeks for a transport ship, between Cestus III and Bajor ("Family Business"). Which doesn't necessarily mean Cestus is really far away, because then mere eight weeks on a transport wouldn't make sense. It probably just means the nonpriority messages get stuck somewhere during their long trip from one backwater of a relatively narrow UFP to another.
I was under the impression Worf had to travel to Klingon space to talk with Gorwon, and he was with the fleet at the end of the episode when they showed up.
"Favor the Bold"/"Sacrifice of Angels"? Not necessarily - Klingons like to command from the front, so Gowron could well have been relatively close to DS9 at the time.
And I'm pretty sure Bajor is very close to Cardassia, since Sisko was able to make it to the Cardassian ship in that solar ship at low warp early in the series in a short time.
That, plus he got there in no time in "Tribunal", too.
The wall maps of DS9 indicate that Bajor and Cardassia are in fact neighboring systems, just five lightyears apart. A bit like Washington and Richmond during the Civil War...
Timo Saloniemi