At some point during the twenty-one and a half hours Apollo Eleven spent on the moon, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, a Presbyterian, did received communion. They landed of course on a Sunday. So apparently there is already religion in space.
There are references to Humans, Vulcans, Klingons and Bajorians having faiths.
Klingon's faith includes a form of after life, Sto-Vo-Kor (heaven) and Gre'Thor (hell), Worf would seem to be contemplating Kahless as more of a messianic than just a historical figure in one episode. B'Elanna's experiences in Barge of the Dead suggested a form of ancestor worship might be present as well. The Klingons even have their own Garden of Eden called QI'tu (paradise).
Spock's family (in Yesteryear) are shown to be polytheistic, Tuvok's family's visit to temple might indicate the same or a separate Vulcan religion. And while the series Enterprise's monastery visit turned out to be to a nest of spies, it did establish that Vulcan do have off world (and presumably on Vulcan) monasteries.
Bajorians are also polytheistic, worshiping multiple beings who are supernatural.
Kirk to Apollo: "
Mankind has no need of gods [plural] ...
we find the one quite enough. Would seem to be referring to the God of Abraham.
Picard's comments would seem to show that he, at least, is either non-religious or anti-religious. So these beliefs exists in the future as well. But then Picard is under the mistaken belief that money also doesn't exist.