Such an explanation is, in itself, another plot hole. What you are saying is that the lighting storm mentioned in the transmission overheard by Uhura is that of Spock Prime's ship entering the Nuverse. Which would mean that Nero captures Spock Prime somewhere near Klingon space, immediately destroys 47 Klingon ships, heads towards Vulcan, drops Spock on Delta Vega, and ultimately attacks/destroys Vulcan in a matter of hours.
#1 Romulus is about as far away from the Romulan/Klingon border as you can get. The Hobus Star is near Romulus, and therefore the blackhole the Narada and Spock Prime travel through would be very far away from Klingon space. There is no reason for Klingon's to be near the spacial location of Spock Prime's entrance to the Nuverse...that would mean they had 47 ships in either Federation or Romulan territory, far away from their own. Such an armada would have attracted someones attention, with or without the Narada crushing them.
#2 From the vicinity of Romulus/Hobus, Nero's shortest vector would take the Narada past Earth through the presumably well defended heart of the Federation to arrive at Vulcan. Why wouldn't he just destroy Earth first? Why didn't anyone notice him passing through? Especially after 47 Klingon ships just got their asses creamed somewhere near Romulus on or near the Federation border.
#3 If Nero was near/in Klingon space when he destroyed the Klingon ships...say after he had broken out of Rura Penthe...then his vector to Vulcan would not have passed near Earth or Romulus, making an attack on Vulcan before Earth logical, but still leaving the question of the lighting storm unanswered. Why would Spock Primes ship appear in Klingon space clear across the galaxy from the vicinity of Romulus/Hobus?
So my original question still remains...how could there have been a lighting storm effect for Kirk to draw a conclusion from if the Narada has already been in the Nuverse for 25 years and Spock Prime's ship couldn't have appeared anywhere near Klingon space?
Cadet Kirk's entire deduction of what is happening at Vulcan falls apart on this one point.
But the movie was still entertaining...
The Lightning storm was not mentioned in Uhura's transmission. Her transmission was possibly heard
days earlier.
Recall, Kirk tells Bones he's taking the test again, then he goes to "study," at which point Uhura overhears the transmission about the Klingon prison planet and the destroyed armada.
Next we see the Kobyashi Maru test, which took place at
least the next day, maybe even later. After that, presumably after a brief investigation, there was a hearing, at which point the Distress call is recieved and the fleet mobilizes.
In the midst of all this,
after Uhura overhears her transmission and
before the distress call from Vulcan, Spock Prime's black hole appears and Nero captures him.
We are given indications that, even though events happen quickly on screen, there is some time that has elapsed.
Chekov stated in his briefing that the lightning storm effect was in the Neutral Zone, not Klingon space. At this point in history, there was no Organian Peace Treaty, therefore no Klingon Neutral Zone. This was obviously referring to the Romulan Neutral Zone, which had existed since the conclusion of the Romulan War 100 years earlier. The Romulan Neutral Zone was not that far from Romulus, and if the Hobus star was able to destroy Romulus several light years away, it's not out of the question that by the time Spock Prime arrived, the Hobus Super Nova could have extended to the neutral zone, scientific improbabilities aside.
Interestingly, however, when Nero appears, the Kelvin is there so it is obviously not the Neutral Zone. In the subspace chatter we hear from the Kelvin, one officer asks if the phenomenon could be Klingon, so evidently there is some reason to suspect the Klingons. This could mean that they are near Klingon space. Then, according to the cut scenes, Nero and Co. are captured by the Klingons. So it would seem that Nero appeared close to Klingon Space, but Spock Prime appeared in the Romulan Neutral Zone.
In conclusion, we cannot conclude entering the black hole in the future will deposit you at the same point in space in the past. Space is four-dimensional, and it is logical to conclude that travelling through the black hole will send you unpredictably across all four dimensions, not just one. So you could appear anywhere, at anytime.
Sorry for the long reply. But maybe this can help to close some of the holes.
