TOS stated often enough that they spoke English, and 20th-century Americans like John Christopher and Edith Keeler could always understand their speech. But then, GR implied in this very book that TOS was just an inaccurate dramatization of the real thing.
I always took this as (retroactively) an implanted universal translator of some sort (much as we see in DS9: Little Green Men). But I have seen other authors also reflecting on the phenomenon that everyone in TOS seems to be speaking English.
No doubt the latter. Although it's hard to believe Spock was the first person ever to figure out V'Ger's comm protocols. Maybe there were some "ships passing in the night" exchanges that didn't go beyond brief communication. Maybe V'Ger was aware that some carbon units behaved as if they considered themselves intelligent and living, but dismissed it as mere mimicry. ("Aww, look! Fluffy thinks he's people!")
It's worth noting that Spock only knew to even
look for something seemingly non-existent because of the psychic link indicating it had already been sent. And to detect it- with help of knowing to look in the first place- understand, and program in a response takes as long as it takes V'ger to fire two whiplash bolts, a mere second or so before destruction; while other vessels that aren't as tough as the Enterprise and her new screens were shown not to survive the first shot.
So I could buy that no one else had
A. Managed to detect it when computers couldn't without a manual research
B. Survived the first shot to have enough time to prepare a response, and
C. Been as fast as Spock in reconfiguring so that they even made it before the
second shot hit, even assuming they already passed A and B.
I remember liking Duane’s approach whereby all the different sophont species were collectively referred to as the various “humanities”, iirc — the idea that being human had literally nothing to do with one’s biological species. One could take that as linguistic imperialism, but presumably in this case the various languages would all use a species-equivalent word literally translating as the vulcanities, the hortanities, etc. (Unless I’m massively misremembering, which is possible; it’s been decades.)
This reminds me of the obnoxious Azetbur complaint in the Undiscovered Country; "In
alienable 'human rights.' You should hear yourselves." Such semantic absurdity; that's not what 'inalienable' means, and why
wouldn't a species name sentient rights after the only sentient species that they knew existed at the time they coined the term (which, one would assume, for most species would broadly predate space travel and first contact). And that's all assuming that the universal translator wouldn't smooth this over or wasn't in use (and the Klingons all speak fluent english) since it's wordplay semantics specific to the English language (and presumably not the Klingon-translated equivalent).
Scotty's assurances notwithstanding, does anyone actually think the self destruct would have worked? (I do not.)
Looks, there's no nonwithstanding for me- if Scotty say it'll work, that's what forms my impression of if it'll work or not! :-) But, based on the times we actually see an unfettered matter-antimatter explosion (Contagion, All Good Things, Generations)... yes, I think at that proximity, it would've worked.
BTW: One of the few absolute fails of the DE (IMHO) is trying to show the whole Vejur ship right before the "explosion" that the Enterprise flies out of at the end. It was perfect as it was. (The Enterprise looks gorgeous in the DE of this shot, of course.)
I really liked this touch in the 2001 edition, with the ship in profile. The 2022 edition with the ship head-on looks surprisingly-bad.