First of all, everything that later (4th, 5th and 6th) generations of aircraft include, things like terrain-following radar for low-level high-speed flight; radar search and fire control; infrared sensors; heads up displays (HUD); laser ranging and targeting; advanced radar (multiple target track-while-scan, look-down/shoot-down); active electronically scanned arrays; advanced integrated avionics; full sensor fusion; etc. And that’s just current 2017 aircraft technology.
Which one of those technologies would enable a pilot to safely fly an aircraft at low altitude without windows?
Not future/futuristic 2256 FTL starship technology.
What futuristic FTL starship technology would enable a pilot to safely operate a one hundred thousand ton starship without windows?
Like we already established, if atmospheric aircraft that fly (dangerously close) over geological features don’t have a need to have their cockpit on the bottom side of their airframe
We've established that they need to be able to see the ground at least to a certain extent, and that aircraft whose visibility is limited have historically had problems doing this. Significantly, every combat aircraft currently in service -- even craft designed to engage targets well beyond visual range, even craft that are capable of taking off and landing without a pilot's intervention, even aircraft that can be flown entirely by infrared sensors without any external visuals at all, still have a large transparent canopy to enclose the pilot, usually at considerable cost to design utility (bubble canopy ruins stealth characteristics on tactical fighters and is terrible for the craft's aerodynamics.
I mean, I totally get that It's The Future and our technology should be too advanced to deal with something so primitive as windows... but in that case, why do WE still use windows, given the technology we already have?
Lest you think that's a rhetorical question, the answer is this: because people who operate flying machines need to be able to see where they're going. The easiest way to see where you're going is, more than than not, by looking out of a window.
In this case, increased ground visibility, the utility of which was demonstrated literally fifteen seconds into Discovery's first appearance, is one very likely advantage of having the bridge positioned on the bottom of the saucer.
starships and spacecraft (that most of the time don’t even land!) certainly don’t/won’t have that need as well.
I am not aware of a single manned spacecraft in all of human history that DIDN'T have any windows. From Vostok-1 to the Space Shuttle, they ALL have them.
So saying that spaceships and aircraft don't/won't have a need for windows is more than a little pretentious on your part: for whatever reason, people way smarter than either of us, people who get paid millions of dollars to design things that cost billions of dollars, on which lives often depend, on which the destinies of entire nations often depend,
still continue to install windows on their designs.
Clearly you should go work for Northrop Grumman or something, set all those silly people straight about how pointless it is to put windows on their fucking airplanes since they're so incredibly useless in the 21st century. Here's their
careers page if you want to apply; your engineering knowledge is surely too impressive for them to pass up, since you know better than every aerospace engineer on the planet how combat aircraft, space ships and commercial airliners out to be designed.