Data's head was left in San Francisco as a result of an expedition from the (Prime) 24th century. As a result, its quantum timeline frequency thingy is tied to that timeline, and would only be present in that precise timeline. Any (Abrams) 23rd century archaeologists digging in that cave would be unable to see or interact with the head, since (due to Nero's split) they have a different quantum timeline frequency.
This is all speculation of course, but if every single time traveller from every single quantum divergence was free to leave souvenirs in the past (that were visible to all), there wouldn't be any space left for the rest of us!