I'm suddenly very intrigued by a possible Romulan founding figure... they ought to have a Moses-like mythological figure leading them to their promised land and their mythology might even include Surak himself as a central evil character responsible for their banishment from Vulcan. And just as I was typing this I realized the destruction of Romulus could make for some really interesting parallels to Jewish history if they're forced to scatter through the galaxy after Hobus.
The idea that the Romulans left Vulcan to evade the reforms of Surak is not logical according to the historical evidence.
In "Balance of Terror" Spock informs the crew that the Romulan War was fought a century earlier in primitive space ships with primitive weapons:
SPOCK: Which allowed no quarter, no captives. Nor was there even ship-to-ship visual communication. Therefore, no human, Romulan, or ally has ever seen the other. Earth believes the Romulans to be warlike, cruel, treacherous, and only the Romulans know what they think of Earth. The treaty, set by sub-space radio, established this Neutral Zone, entry into which by either side, would constitute an act of war. The treaty has been unbroken since that time. Captain.
Spock does manage to get a image of the Romulan Bridge.
SPOCK: I have a fix on it, Captain. I believe I can lock on it, get a picture of their Bridge.
KIRK: Put it on the screen.
(Up shimmers an image of a group of four humanoids around a console. One leaves his post and salutes the figure with his back to us. That figure then turns, and we see someone who looks just like - a Vulcan. Both Spock's eyebrows hit the ceiling. There's a long silence and a lot of stares.) KIRK: Decoding?
Thus it is discovered that Romulans look like Vulcans.
Later:
SPOCK: I agree. Attack.
KIRK: Are you suggesting we fight to prevent a fight?
MCCOY: Based on what? Memories of a war over a century ago? On theories about a people we've never even met face to face?
STILES: We know what they look like.
SPOCK: Yes, indeed we do, Mister Stiles. And if Romulans are an offshoot of my Vulcan blood, and I think this likely, then attack becomes even more imperative.
MCCOY: War is never imperative, Mister Spock.
SPOCK: It is for them, Doctor. Vulcan, like Earth, had its aggressive colonising period. Savage, even by Earth standards. And if Romulans retain this martial philosophy, then weakness is something we dare not show.
So Spock believes that Romulans are descended from Vulcans and that Romulan society separated from Vulcan society an unspecified period of time in the past, instead of Romulans being the result of convergent evolution. And Spock apparently believes that Vulcan's aggressive colonizing period included an era of interstellar travel, exploration, settlement, and conquest, because he speculates that Romulans are offshoots of Vulcans instead of Vulcans being offshoots of Romulans.
But if Vulcan had an advanced society with interstellar travel ever since Romulus was colonized by Vulcan, the UFP would be dominated by Vulcans, and Vulcan records would show that Romulus was a Vulcan colony and everyone would know that the Romulans looked like Vulcans, and presumably Romulus would never have become independent of Vulcan.
So clearly the Vulcan interstellar society collapsed and records of the location of colony planets like Romulus were lost.
In "Amok Time", on Vulcan:
SPOCK: This is the land of my family. It has been held by us for more than two thousand Earth years. This is our place of Koon-ut-kal-if-fee,
So Spock's recorded family history goes back for than two thousand Earth years, which means that the recorded history of that region of Vulcan goes back at least that far. And before that would be a period of unknown length before the recorded history began, and before that the period of the earlier Vulcan civilization that eventually had interstellar travel before collapsing.
In
Enterprise "The Andorian Incident":
ARCHER: As a matter of fact, Mister Tucker and I were looking at these star charts. There's a planet a few light years off our current heading.
T'POL: I'm familiar with it.
ARCHER: Well the data indicates there's a remote outpost right here on the northern hemisphere.
T'POL: P'Jem.
ARCHER: I take it this P'Jem is under Vulcan jurisdiction?
T'POL: It's an ancient spiritual retreat. A remote sanctuary for Kolinahr and peaceful meditation.
So the Vulcan sanctuary of P'Jem is on a planet that is not in the same solar system as Vulcan. So obviously Vulcan had some type of interstellar travel when P'Jem was established.
TUCKER: You say this is a place to purge emotions? Looks like somebody had to purge pretty bad. He bashed the door in.
T'POL: The temple is almost three thousand years old, Commander. You can't expect it to be in pristine condition.
So Vulcan had some sort of interstellar travel almost three thousand years before ENT, and recorded history on Vulcan goes back more than two thousand Earth years by TOS. That leaves less than a thousand years for the old Vulcan civilization to fall and for a new Vulcan civilization to arise and for history to start to be recorded. Since that seems like a very short time for that to happen, the first Vulcan space travelling civilization probably fell a lot more than three thousand years ago and P'Jem was probably built by the second Vulcan space travelling civilization.
But if the second Vulcan space travelling civilization explored space continually for three thousand years it should have founded the Federation thousands of years before the Federation was founded. So the second Vulcan space travelling civilization should have suffered a major setback that may have kept it from exploring space for centuries or millennia.
Vulcan would have resumed interstellar travel by the time of
Star Trek: First Contact in the year 2063 of an unspecified calendar and before about AD 1957 according to
Enterprise Carbon Creek":
TUCKER: Every school kid knows that Zephram Cochrane met the Vulcans in Bozeman, Montana, on April 5th, 2063. I've been there. There's a statue.
T'POL: In fact, the Vulcans visited Earth long before then. My second foremother was one of them.
TUCKER: Your who?
T'POL: My mother's mother's mother. Would you like to hear the story?
[Vulcan ship]
(Earth, October 1957 or later- you can tell because Sputnik is in orbit.)
STRON: (middle aged man) I can't compensate.
MESTRAL: (younger man) The re-fusion pressure is still dropping.
CAPTAIN: (oldest man) If our orbit decays any further, we'll be detected.
T'POL [OC]: They'd gone to Earth to investigate the launch of its first artificial satellite, called Sputnik.
[Captain's mess]
T'POL: During their third week of gathering information about humanity their impulse manifold began to malfunction. They had no choice but to attempt an emergency landing.
In
Enterprise "The Forge":
ARCHER: Surak I've heard of. He's the father of Vulcan logic.
V'LAS: Even after eighteen hundred years, we consider him the most important Vulcan who ever lived.
SOVAL: We had our wars, Admiral, just as humans did. Our planet was devastated, our civilisation nearly destroyed. Logic saved us. But it took almost fifteen hundred years for us to rebuild our world and travel to the stars. You humans did the same in less than a century. There are those on the High Command who wonder what humans would achieve in the century to come, and they don't like the answer.
"The Forge" should happen in AD 2154 according to the official chronology, which is not necessarily canon or correct. If the reforms of Surak were about 1,700 to 1,900 years earlier, they would have been sometime in the period of about AD 254 to AD 454, plus or minus however much the official dates are off the correct dates.
If the last terrible wars on Vulcan were before the reforms of Surak, and if AD 1957 was almost 1,500 years - between 1,450 and 1,500 years - after them, they would have happened about AD 457 to AD 507. Thus it seems likely that Vulcan resumed interstellar travel decades or centuries before AD 1957, so that the last terrible wars on Vulcan were before the reforms of Surak.
In TOS "The Savage Curtain" an image of Surak is met:
SURAK: In my time on Vulcan, we also faced these same alternatives. We'd suffered devastating wars which nearly destroyed our planet. Another was about to begin. We were torn. But out of our suffering some of us found the discipline to act. We sent emissaries to our opponents to propose peace. The first were killed, but others followed. Ultimately we achieved peace, which has lasted since then.
This strongly implies that the previous devastating wars happened during Surak's lifetime, and so were probably long after AD 1, since the Vulcan life span is probably no more than 250 years, and the earliest possible date for the reforms of Surak would be about AD 254.
So to sum up, the first Vulcan interstellar civilization colonized planets, such as Romulus, in distant star systems. Then Civilization fell on Vulcan, Romulus, and other colonies.
Many thousands of years later, civilization arose on Vulcan again. Eventually Vulcan began exploring the stars, and the monastery at P'Jem was established by about 500 BC. About AD 250-450, Vulcan suffered devastating wars, and lost the ability to travel in interstellar space. About that same time time of AD 250-450 the reforms of Surak prevented another war and brought peace to Vulcan. Spock's family acquired their
koon-ut-kal-if-fee place by about AD 267, and so probably before the reforms of Surak.
So what about Romulan history?
In the TNG episode "Gambit, Part 1", which happens in AD 2370 according to the official - but not necessarily correct - chronology:
DATA: Barradas Three is the only class M planet in this system, and it is listed as unpopulated. However, sensors have detected intermittent energy signals emanating from its surface.
RIKER: What's the source?
LAFORGE: The signals are difficult to localise, but they could be emissions from some kind of power converter.
WORF: Which could indicate a base or a ship.
RIKER: What else do we know about Barradas Three?
DATA: The planet was used as an outpost for the Debrune approximately two thousand years ago. The Federation's Archaeological survey has catalogued numerous ruins on the surface.
So the home planet(s) of the Debrune would have been in one or more other star systems and they would have needed interstellar travel to have an outpost on Barradas III about AD 270 to 470, 1,900 to 2,100 years before "Gambit Part 1".
Later:
DATA: Perhaps these artefacts have a special value to the Romulans.
WORF: The Romulans?
DATA: These structures were built by the Debrune. That race is an ancient offshoot of the Romulans. The ruins on the planet where Captain Picard was killed were also Romulan in origin.
WORF: The leader of the group that attacked us was Romulan. Perhaps they are controlling the mercenaries.
If the Debrune had interstellar travel by about AD 270 to 470, about the time of the reforms of Surak, the Romulans should have been active a long time before the reforms of Surak.
So Romulan history would have gone like this:
The first Vulcan interstellar civilization colonized planets, such as Romulus, in distant star systems. Then civilization fell on Vulcan, Romulus, and other colonies.
Many thousands of years later, civilization arose on Romulus again. Eventually Romulus began exploring the stars, establishing colonies, and conquering planets. The Debrune were a Romulan offshoot, either a colony or Romulans, or maybe mixtures of Romulans and other aliens, or maybe an artificial species created to serve the Romulans.
Eventually Romulan civilization fell on Romulus, the Debrune home world(s) and other Romulan planets.
Many thousands of years later, the Debrune developed an advanced interstellar civilization and had an outpost on Barradas III by about AD 270 to 470. However, something prevented the Debrune from becoming the most powerful and important space traveling civilization in this region of space.
Eventually, Romulan civilization was rebuilt for the second time, and the Romulans resumed interstellar travel and founded the Romulan Empire by the time of
Enterprise about the 2150s.
In the novels, the guy is named S'Task.
But the real story of the Romulans has not been told onscreen. Might be they were born long before the sundering with Surakists. Might be they are but copycats, a sect pretending to be those who once left. Might be there's a big conspiracy and Vulcan and Romulus are actually best pals. The slate is still clean - perhaps ST:Picard will paint something on it?
Timo Saloniemi
I believe that my chronology is as accurate as possible. To me it seems very doubtful that the Romulans were founded by S'Task leading dissident Vulcans to escape from the reforms of Surak about AD 254 to 454 to settle a planet where they could enjoy the benefits of war and violence.