Well, the first time they are used is in TMP, where the Klingon dialogue is translated as them being torpedoes specifically.
Okay, in theory, some sort of weapon at the bow fires a vaguely disruptorlike pulse in TAS "More Tribbles, More Troubles". At least if you squint a little. In practice, though, the bow hole was associated with something called "torpedo" from the very beginning.
Whether they are the same as Starfleet torpedoes... Well, obviously not exactly. Indeed, they might have slightly different roles. While the red D-7/K't'inga torps from TMP on look and behave just like their Federation equivalents, the green ones typically fired by small Birds of Prey seem to only disable rather than destroy.
...I wouldn't wonder a bit if the Klingons designed the BoP as a commerce raider similar to WWII submarines, with a weapon suite to match.
In the end, we have never seen a Klingon torpedo casing. Nor have we heard dialogue to indicate that Klingon ships would have torpedo casings aboard. Doesn't mean Klingon torpedoes are casingless; doesn't mean they aren't, either.
Timo Saloniemi