Star Trek 2009 Canon Excerpt about the Enterprise
The Constitution class was conceived by a team of designers led by Janice Newfield, a brilliant engineer and visionary. The project was at the conceptual stage in 2232 and was targeted to have working products in 10 years time. While working on improving the USS Kelvin's engines in 2233, the ship was attacked by an unknown Romulan ship. Janice was killed when a bulkhead near her was destroyed and she was sucked out into space.
When Janice died, the project was put on hold for a decade until a very bright engineering student (who, in the original timeline, many years later, oversaw the Constitution refit) named Tsi Sang helped restart the project submitting his own unique changes that were never included by the original designer, Janice Newfield (this is why the ship is more advanced looking in the movie). The project was restarted in 2244 under Sang's supervision.
The 17xx registry number set was held for the Constitution class, the prototype, the USS Constitution - 1700, tested in 2252 had many issues, while most were resolved a structural support issue could not be, so the ship was decommissioned in 2253. Sang resolved the structural issue and all the other issues and Starfleet decided to build the next Constitution (1701) on Earth where it could give the structure better gravity stress tests.
Starfleet was so impressed with this new ship that they made the first one (The Enterprise) the flagship and assigned veteran captain Chris Pike as it's commander. The Enterprise was so new in fact, that only few Starfleet personal were trained in her systems. Realizing this, Starfleet Academy started to train its students on these new systems in 2257, so by 2258 many of the older academy students could be a part of the Enterprise's crew.
According to Janice's logs it was always her intention for the first production Constitution to be named the Enterprise after the famous pre-Federation ship from the mid 22nd century. Starfleet did, respectfully, name the first production ship (1701), Enterprise even though Sang wanted the name to be The USS Yorktown.
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