I never had a problem with lasers being used during Pike's time, because I figured they would operate differently than the ones we have today (the name "laser" could even be just a holdover term). I think phase pistols were still more rare than common during ENT and never did become a standard-issue weapon (lessons learned from them still eventually led to phasers though a century later).
I also think the same rule applies to phaser rifles, they're not standard-issue. IMO, they're not any more powerful than phaser pistols, but the larger size enables a larger power pack, so they're more ideal for combat situations in which prolonged use is expected.